Climate of India

Introduction Every year, the arrival of the southwest monsoon is one of the most eagerly awaited weather events in India. Farmers prepare for sowing, reservoirs await replenishment, and millions of people look forward to relief from the intense summer heat. Consequently, considerable attention is paid to the announcement of the monsoon onset over Kerala, which marks the official beginning of the rainy season over the Indian mainland. The onset of the southwest monsoon over Kerala (MOK) is considered the official commencement of the monsoon season over the Indian mainland. It serves as an important meteorological milestone and provides the starting point for monitoring the advance of the monsoon across different regions of the country. The normal date of monsoon onset over Kerala is 1 June , although the actual onset date may vary from year to year depending on prevailing atmospheric and oceanic conditions. Given the widespread interest in the monsoon, many people wonder how the onset o...

Introduction Every year, when the India Meteorological Department (IMD) releases its seasonal monsoon forecast, one common question immediately follows: “So, will the monsoon definitely be good or bad this year?” This year, many students, friends, weather enthusiasts, and members of the public asked similar questions after seeing IMD’s probabilistic monsoon forecast map. At first glance, the map may look confusing because it uses probabilities instead of giving a simple “yes” or “no” answer. However, this probabilistic approach is one of the most scientifically meaningful ways to describe seasonal monsoon forecasts. Unlike a daily weather forecast, which predicts conditions over the next few days, a seasonal monsoon forecast describes the likelihood of different rainfall outcomes several months in advance. Understanding this distinction is the key to interpreting the forecast correctly. Figure 1. Probabilistic forecast of rainfall categories (Below Normal, Normal, and Above Normal) o...

When people hear about an El Niño year, the common perception is often straightforward: weak monsoon, drought, and severe rainfall deficiency across India. While El Niño can indeed suppress the Indian summer monsoon, the reality is often more nuanced. The figure below shows the distribution of rainy days across India during nine major El Niño years between 1982 and 2023. An interesting feature clearly emerges: many parts of India continue to experience a considerable number of rainy days even during El Niño years. Figure:  Rainy-day distribution during major El Niño years over India. Even during deficient monsoon years, many regions continue to receive considerable rainy-day activity. This observation carries an important message. A deficient monsoon season does not necessarily mean that it never rains. In many cases, rainfall may still occur on several days, but the total seasonal rainfall becomes lower because: rainfall intensity is weaker, rain events are unevenly distribut...

Every year, the Indian monsoon is watched closely—not only by meteorologists, but by farmers, water managers, disaster agencies, businesses, and millions of ordinary citizens. The southwest monsoon provides nearly 70–80% of India’s annual rainfall (Figure 1) and supports agriculture, water resources, energy production, and livelihoods. This year, growing discussions around the possible development of an El Niño in the Pacific Ocean have raised an important question: Will El Niño affect India’s monsoon in 2026? Figure 1: Average monsoon season (June-September) rainfall (left panel) and Percentage of annual rainfall during monsoon season (right panel) The short answer is: possibly, but not always in a straightforward way. To understand what may happen, it is useful to look at the science behind El Niño, its historical relationship with the Indian monsoon, and why modern forecasting is more nuanced than simple cause-and-effect. What is El Niño? The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is...

Teachers play a particularly important role in this effort. As educators and mentors, they have the unique opportunity to shape the understanding, attitudes, and actions of future generations. Strengthening teachers' knowledge of weather, climate, climate services, and climate change can therefore contribute significantly to building climate-resilient communities. This article is based on a lecture note prepared for a session on “Climate Services, Community Awareness and the Role of Teachers” delivered during the 1st Training on Weather, Environment and Climate in School Education (WISE) for school teachers held at Savitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU), Pune. The enthusiastic participation and insightful interactions with the teachers during the programme highlighted the importance of integrating climate education into school curricula and fostering a culture of environmental stewardship. The lecture note provides a simple introduction to climate change, its impacts, climate ser...