Climate of India: Blog by Dr. Satyaban B Ratna

The Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) during June-September in 2022 was above normal with respect to its climatology. Rainfall during the 2022 Southwest Monsoon Season was above normal. The all-India monsoon seasonal rainfall during 1 June to 30 September was 925.0 mm compared to its climatology value 868.6 mm based on 1971-2020 data (Fig. 1 and Fig.2). It can be seen that although all India rainfall was above normal, the Indo-Gangetic plains ( Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram & Tripura, Gangetic West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar, and east & west Uttar Pradesh)  received severe deficient rainfall.  Rainfall averaged over All India was the fifth highest since 2001 after the years 2019(970.8 mm), 2007(966.6 mm), 2020 (959.3 mm), and 2013 (943.4 mm).  The ISMR was above normal three out of the last four years (2018-2022) comes after normal to below normal ISMR for five years during 2014-2018 (Fig. 2) Figure 1:    Observed (left), climatology (middle), and anomaly (right) of rainfall ove

In the first section the observed Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and rainfall anomaly for the month of September 2022 are discussed. Next, the present status, evolution, and prediction of the large-scale climate modes such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) that primarily influence the Indian climate are presented. Apart from this the observed weather conditions over India during the month of September 2022 also discussed. Global patterns of SST and Rainfall Figure 1:   Sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly (C) and Precipitation Anomaly (mm/day) for September 2022. [SST data: NOAA ERSSTv5, Precipitation data: GPCPv2.3, Climatology: 1991-2020] El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO): Present Status Figure 2 : Tropical Pacific Sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies (Left Panel) and changes in the SST anomalies (degree C) from the previous month (Right Panel) during July - September 2022.  [SST data: NOAA ERSSTv5, Climatology: 1991-2020] Figure 3: Depth-longi