ENSO, IOD and observed climate of India - August 2022

 In the first section the observed Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and rainfall anomaly for the month of August 2022 are discussed. Next, the present status, evolution, and prediction of the large-scale climate modes such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) that primarily influence the Indian climate are presented. Apart from this the observed weather conditions over India during the month of August 2022 also discussed.

Global patterns of SST and Rainfall

Figure 1:  Sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly (C) and Precipitation Anomaly (mm/day) for August 2022. [SST data: NOAA ERSSTv5, Precipitation data: GPCPv2.3, Climatology: 1991-2020]

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO): Present Status and Prediction

Figure 2: Tropical Pacific Sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies (Left Panel) and changes in the SST anomalies (degree C) from the previous month (Right Panel) during June - August 2022. [SST data: NOAA ERSSTv5, Climatology: 1991-2020]




Figure 3: Depth-longitude section of ocean temperature anomalies (degree C) in the equatorial Pacific Ocean (5S -5N) during June - August 2022. The solid dark line is the 20 degree C isotherm, and the dashed line is thermocline depth. [Source: INCOIS-GODAS]




Figure 4: ENSO indices (Nino3.4, Nino3, Nino4, Nino1+2, and Modoki) for the past 12 months period. [SST data: NOAA ERSSTv5]

Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD): Present Status and Prediction





Figure 5: Indian Ocean Sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies (Left Panel) and changes in the SST anomalies (degree C) from the previous month (Right Panel) during June - August 2022. [SST data: NOAA ERSSTv5, Climatology: 1991-2020]



Figure 6: Depth-longitude section of ocean temperature anomalies (degree C) in the tropical Indian Ocean (10S - Equator) during June - August 2022. The solid dark line is the 20 degree C isotherm, and the dashed line is thermocline depth. [Data: INCOIS-GODAS]




Figure 7: IOD indices (DMI, WEIO, and EEIO) for the past 12 months period. [Dipole Mode Index (DMI), West Equatorial Indian Ocean (WEIO), East Equatorial Indian Ocean (WEIO) index.

Observed Climate of India for August 2022




Figure 8:   Observed (left), climatology (middle), and anomaly (right) of rainfall over India for the month of August 2022 (Climatology and anomaly based on 1971 to 2020 period). *Based on Realtime Data [Source: IMD]

Figure 9:   Observed (top) maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and mean temperature and the anomaly (bottom) of over India for the month of August 2022 (Climatology and anomaly based on 1981 to 2010 period). *Based on Realtime Data [Source: IMD]

Figure 10: The location of occurrences of heavy rainfall events in the month of August 2022. [Source: IMD]


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